Personality Disorder1 Essay

Personality Disorder1 Essay Personality Disorder1 Essay Personality Disorders Bonnie Ramos, RN, M.S. Common Characteristics of Personality Disorders (PDs) Inflexible and maladaptive response to stress Disability in working and loving Ability to evoke interpersonal conflict Capacity to "get under the skin" of others PD Commonalities Thinks problem is someone else’s, project own problems onto others Manipulative and controlling Hx failed relationships & lost jobs Emotional immaturity Tx Come to Tx for help with depression, anxiety, alcoholism or difficulties in work or personal relationships not to have their personalities changed Come as result of other’s insistence Avoid hospitalization (if possible) Pharmacology less useful (than in Axis I disorders) Therapy not usually sought by cluster A & C Set limits with cluster B Prevalence and Comorbidity 10% to 15% in general populations Often co-occur with depression and anxiety Onset usually occurs before onset of other psychiatric disorders Various PDs often coexist Biological Determinants Certain inherited traits present at birth Genetic alterations may result in an extreme variation Unfavorable environmental conditions may affect development of disorder Potentially Inherited Traits Novelty seeking Harm avoidance Reward dependence Persistence Neuroticism (negative affect) versus emotional stability Introversion versus extraversion Conscientiousness versus undependability Antagonism versus agreeableness Closeness versus openness to experiences Psychosocial Factors Learning theory Cognitive theory Environmental factors Assessment of PDs Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) to evaluate personality Full medical history Psychosocial history Suicidal or aggressive thoughts Risk of harm from self or others Use of medications or illegal substances Ability to handle money Legal history Current or past abuse Effect of Clients with Personality Disorders on Caregivers Overwhelming needs of clients may also be overwhelming for caregivers Caregivers may feel Confused Helpless Angry Frustrated Three Clusters of PDs Characterized by similar behavior patterns Cluster A: Odd or eccentric Cluster B: Dramatic, emotional, erratic Cluster C: Anxious or fearful Personality Disorders Cluster A: Interventions Be aware of client isolation, suspiciousness Avoid being â€Å"too nice,† overly friendly Use neutral, kind approach Clear, straightforward explanations Simple, clear language Give warning about changes, reasons for delay, medication side effects Cluster B: Borderline Personality Disorder Interventions Set clear, realistic goals Be aware of manipulative behaviors Clear, consistent boundaries/limits For behavioral problems, review therapeutic goals and treatment boundaries Avoid rejecting, rescuing Assess for suicidal, self-mutilating behavior Cluster B: Splitting Behaviors Primary defense used by clients with borderline PD Client labels one person â€Å"all good† and the others â€Å"all bad† When all-good person has not met client's needs, that person becomes all bad Someone else then labeled all good, others all bad Creates conflict in staff members To decrease conflict among staff Open communication in staff meetings Ongoing clinical supervision Cluster B: Antisocial Personality Disorder Interventions Set clear, realistic limits on specific behavior All limits adhered to by all staff Document objective physical signs of manipulation or aggression Provide clear boundaries, consequences Guard against letting client make you feel guilty Guard against being manipulated Cluster B: Narcissistic Personality Disorder Interventions Stay neutral, avoid power struggles Don’t be defensive when disparaged Convey unassuming self-confidence Cluster B: Histrionic Personality Disorder Interventions Understand seductive behavior as a response to stress Keep relationship professional Encourage/model use of concrete descriptive language Teach and model assertiveness Cluster C: Avoidant, Dependent, or OCPD Presents as primarily anxious or fearful

Personality Disorder1 Essay

Personality Disorder1 Essay Personality Disorder1 Essay Personality Disorders Bonnie Ramos, RN, M.S. Common Characteristics of Personality Disorders (PDs) Inflexible and maladaptive response to stress Disability in working and loving Ability to evoke interpersonal conflict Capacity to "get under the skin" of others PD Commonalities Thinks problem is someone else’s, project own problems onto others Manipulative and controlling Hx failed relationships & lost jobs Emotional immaturity Tx Come to Tx for help with depression, anxiety, alcoholism or difficulties in work or personal relationships not to have their personalities changed Come as result of other’s insistence Avoid hospitalization (if possible) Pharmacology less useful (than in Axis I disorders) Therapy not usually sought by cluster A & C Set limits with cluster B Prevalence and Comorbidity 10% to 15% in general populations Often co-occur with depression and anxiety Onset usually occurs before onset of other psychiatric disorders Various PDs often coexist Biological Determinants Certain inherited traits present at birth Genetic alterations may result in an extreme variation Unfavorable environmental conditions may affect development of disorder Potentially Inherited Traits Novelty seeking Harm avoidance Reward dependence Persistence Neuroticism (negative affect) versus emotional stability Introversion versus extraversion Conscientiousness versus undependability Antagonism versus agreeableness Closeness versus openness to experiences Psychosocial Factors Learning theory Cognitive theory Environmental factors Assessment of PDs Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) to evaluate personality Full medical history Psychosocial history Suicidal or aggressive thoughts Risk of harm from self or others Use of medications or illegal substances Ability to handle money Legal history Current or past abuse Effect of Clients with Personality Disorders on Caregivers Overwhelming needs of clients may also be overwhelming for caregivers Caregivers may feel Confused Helpless Angry Frustrated Three Clusters of PDs Characterized by similar behavior patterns Cluster A: Odd or eccentric Cluster B: Dramatic, emotional, erratic Cluster C: Anxious or fearful Personality Disorders Cluster A: Interventions Be aware of client isolation, suspiciousness Avoid being â€Å"too nice,† overly friendly Use neutral, kind approach Clear, straightforward explanations Simple, clear language Give warning about changes, reasons for delay, medication side effects Cluster B: Borderline Personality Disorder Interventions Set clear, realistic goals Be aware of manipulative behaviors Clear, consistent boundaries/limits For behavioral problems, review therapeutic goals and treatment boundaries Avoid rejecting, rescuing Assess for suicidal, self-mutilating behavior Cluster B: Splitting Behaviors Primary defense used by clients with borderline PD Client labels one person â€Å"all good† and the others â€Å"all bad† When all-good person has not met client's needs, that person becomes all bad Someone else then labeled all good, others all bad Creates conflict in staff members To decrease conflict among staff Open communication in staff meetings Ongoing clinical supervision Cluster B: Antisocial Personality Disorder Interventions Set clear, realistic limits on specific behavior All limits adhered to by all staff Document objective physical signs of manipulation or aggression Provide clear boundaries, consequences Guard against letting client make you feel guilty Guard against being manipulated Cluster B: Narcissistic Personality Disorder Interventions Stay neutral, avoid power struggles Don’t be defensive when disparaged Convey unassuming self-confidence Cluster B: Histrionic Personality Disorder Interventions Understand seductive behavior as a response to stress Keep relationship professional Encourage/model use of concrete descriptive language Teach and model assertiveness Cluster C: Avoidant, Dependent, or OCPD Presents as primarily anxious or fearful

Personality Disorder1 Essay

Personality Disorder1 Essay Personality Disorder1 Essay Personality Disorders Bonnie Ramos, RN, M.S. Common Characteristics of Personality Disorders (PDs) Inflexible and maladaptive response to stress Disability in working and loving Ability to evoke interpersonal conflict Capacity to "get under the skin" of others PD Commonalities Thinks problem is someone else’s, project own problems onto others Manipulative and controlling Hx failed relationships & lost jobs Emotional immaturity Tx Come to Tx for help with depression, anxiety, alcoholism or difficulties in work or personal relationships not to have their personalities changed Come as result of other’s insistence Avoid hospitalization (if possible) Pharmacology less useful (than in Axis I disorders) Therapy not usually sought by cluster A & C Set limits with cluster B Prevalence and Comorbidity 10% to 15% in general populations Often co-occur with depression and anxiety Onset usually occurs before onset of other psychiatric disorders Various PDs often coexist Biological Determinants Certain inherited traits present at birth Genetic alterations may result in an extreme variation Unfavorable environmental conditions may affect development of disorder Potentially Inherited Traits Novelty seeking Harm avoidance Reward dependence Persistence Neuroticism (negative affect) versus emotional stability Introversion versus extraversion Conscientiousness versus undependability Antagonism versus agreeableness Closeness versus openness to experiences Psychosocial Factors Learning theory Cognitive theory Environmental factors Assessment of PDs Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) to evaluate personality Full medical history Psychosocial history Suicidal or aggressive thoughts Risk of harm from self or others Use of medications or illegal substances Ability to handle money Legal history Current or past abuse Effect of Clients with Personality Disorders on Caregivers Overwhelming needs of clients may also be overwhelming for caregivers Caregivers may feel Confused Helpless Angry Frustrated Three Clusters of PDs Characterized by similar behavior patterns Cluster A: Odd or eccentric Cluster B: Dramatic, emotional, erratic Cluster C: Anxious or fearful Personality Disorders Cluster A: Interventions Be aware of client isolation, suspiciousness Avoid being â€Å"too nice,† overly friendly Use neutral, kind approach Clear, straightforward explanations Simple, clear language Give warning about changes, reasons for delay, medication side effects Cluster B: Borderline Personality Disorder Interventions Set clear, realistic goals Be aware of manipulative behaviors Clear, consistent boundaries/limits For behavioral problems, review therapeutic goals and treatment boundaries Avoid rejecting, rescuing Assess for suicidal, self-mutilating behavior Cluster B: Splitting Behaviors Primary defense used by clients with borderline PD Client labels one person â€Å"all good† and the others â€Å"all bad† When all-good person has not met client's needs, that person becomes all bad Someone else then labeled all good, others all bad Creates conflict in staff members To decrease conflict among staff Open communication in staff meetings Ongoing clinical supervision Cluster B: Antisocial Personality Disorder Interventions Set clear, realistic limits on specific behavior All limits adhered to by all staff Document objective physical signs of manipulation or aggression Provide clear boundaries, consequences Guard against letting client make you feel guilty Guard against being manipulated Cluster B: Narcissistic Personality Disorder Interventions Stay neutral, avoid power struggles Don’t be defensive when disparaged Convey unassuming self-confidence Cluster B: Histrionic Personality Disorder Interventions Understand seductive behavior as a response to stress Keep relationship professional Encourage/model use of concrete descriptive language Teach and model assertiveness Cluster C: Avoidant, Dependent, or OCPD Presents as primarily anxious or fearful

Pascual Orozco, Early Leader of the Mexican Revolution

Pascual Orozco, Early Leader of the Mexican Revolution Pascual Orozco (January 28, 1882–August 30, 1915) was a Mexican muleteer, warlord, and revolutionary who participated in the early parts of the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920). More of an opportunist than an idealist, Orozco and his army fought in many key battles between 1910 and 1914 before he â€Å"backed the wrong horse,† said General Victoriano Huerta, whose brief presidency lasted from 1913 to 1914. Exiled, Orozco was captured and executed by Texas Rangers. Fast Facts: Pascual Orozco Known For: Mexican revolutionaryBorn: January 28, 1882 in Santa Inà ©s,  Chihuahua, MexicoParents: Pascual Orozco Sr. and Amanda Orozco y VzquezaDied: August 30, 1915 in the Van Horn Mountains, MexicoNotable Quote: â€Å"Here are the wrappers: send more tamales.† Early Life Pascual Orozco was born on January 28, 1882, in Santa Inà ©s,  Chihuahua, Mexico. Before the Mexican Revolution broke out, he was a small-time entrepreneur, storekeeper, and muleteer. He came from a lower-middle-class family in the northern state of Chihuahua and by working hard and saving money, he was able to acquire a respectable amount of wealth. As a self-starter who made his own fortune, he became disenchanted with the corrupt regime of Porfirio Dà ­az, who tended to favor old money and those with connections, neither of which Orozco had. Orozco became involved with the Flores Magà ³n brothers, Mexican dissidents trying to stir up rebellion from safety in the United States. Orozco and Madero In 1910, opposition presidential candidate Francisco I. Madero, who lost due to election fraud, called for a revolution against the crooked Dà ­az. Orozco organized a small force in the Guerrero area of Chihuahua and quickly won a series of skirmishes against federal forces. His force grew with every victory, swelled by local peasants who were drawn by patriotism, greed, or both. By the time Madero returned to Mexico from exile in the United States, Orozco commanded a force of several thousand men. Madero promoted him first to colonel and then general, even though Orozco had no military background. Early Victories While Emiliano Zapatas army kept Dà ­az federal forces busy in the south, Orozco and his armies took over the north. The uneasy alliance of Orozco, Madero, and Pancho Villa captured several key towns in Northern Mexico, including Ciudad Juarez, which Madero made his provisional capital. Orozco maintained his businesses during his time as general. On one occasion, his first action upon capturing a town was to sack the home of a business rival. Orozco was a cruel and ruthless commander. He once sent the uniforms of dead federal soldiers back to Dà ­az with a note: â€Å"Here are the wrappers: send more tamales.† Revolt Against Madero The armies of the north drove Dà ­az from Mexico in May 1911 and Madero took over. Madero saw Orozco as a violent bumpkin, useful to the war effort but out of his depth in government. Orozco, who was unlike Villa in that he was fighting not for idealism but under the assumption that he would be made at least a state governor, was outraged. Orozco had accepted the post of general, but he resigned it when he refused to fight Zapata, who had rebelled against Madero for not implementing land reform. In March 1912 Orozco and his men, called Orozquistas or Colorados, once again took to the field. Orozco in 1912–1913 Fighting Zapata to the south and Orozco to the north, Madero turned to two generals: Victoriano Huerta, a relic left over from the days of Dà ­az, and Pancho Villa, who still supported him. Huerta and Villa were able to rout Orozco in several key battles. Orozcos poor control of his men contributed to his losses: he allowed them to sack and loot captured towns, which turned the locals against him. Orozco fled to the United States but returned when Huerta overthrew and assassinated Madero in February 1913. President Huerta, in need of allies, offered him a generalship and Orozco accepted. Huertas Downfall Orozco was once again fighting Pancho Villa, who was outraged by Huertas murder of Madero. Two more generals appeared on the scene: Alvaro Obregà ³n and Venustiano Carranza, both at the head of huge armies in Sonora. Villa, Zapata, Obregà ³n, and Carranza were united by their hatred of Huerta, and their combined might was far too much for the new president, even with Orozco and his colorados on his side. When Villa crushed the federales at the battle of Zacatecas in June 1914, Huerta fled the country. Orozco fought on for a while but he was seriously outgunned and he, too, went into exile in 1914. Death After the fall of Huerta, Villa, Carranza, Obregà ³n, and Zapata began slugging it out among themselves. Seeing an opportunity, Orozco and Huerta met up in New Mexico and began planning a new revolt. They were captured by American forces and charged with conspiracy. Huerta died in prison. Orozco escaped and was later shot and killed by Texas Rangers on August 30, 1915. According to the Texas version, he and his men tried to steal some horses and were tracked down and killed in the ensuing gunfight. According to the Mexicans, Orozco and his men were defending themselves from greedy Texas ranchers, who wanted their horses. Legacy Today, Orozco is considered a minor figure in the Mexican Revolution. He never reached the presidency and modern historians and readers prefer the flair of Villa or the idealism of Zapata. It should not be forgotten, however, that at the time of Maderos return to Mexico, Orozco commanded the largest and most powerful of the revolutionary armies and that he won several key battles in the early days of the revolution. Although it has been asserted by some that Orozco was an opportunist who coldly used the revolution to his own gain, that does not change the fact that if not for Orozco, Dà ­az may well have crushed Madero in 1911. Sources McLynn, Frank. Villa and Zapata: A History of the Mexican Revolution. New York: Carroll and Graf, 2000.Pascual Orozco, Jr. (1882–1915).  Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, Encyclopedia.com, 2019.